Extended Reality (XR) in Pediatric Acute and Chronic Pain: Systematic Review and Evidence Gap Map

Courtney W Hess   ¹ , PhD ;   Brittany N Rosenbloom   ^{2, 3} , PhD, CPsych ;   Giulia Mesaroli   ^{4, 5, 6} , MScPT ;   Cristal Lopez   ^{7, 8} , PhD ;   Nhat Ngo   ^{7, 8} , BA, BS ;   Estreya Cohen   ⁹ , BA ;   Carley Ouellette   ¹⁰ , RN, MSc ;   Jeffrey I Gold   ^{7, 8, 11} , PhD ;   Deirdre Logan   ^{12, 13} , PhD ;   Laura E Simons   ¹ , PhD ;   Jennifer N Stinson   ^{6, 14} , RN-EC, PhD, CPNP

¹ Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States

² Toronto Academic Pain Medicine Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

³ Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁴ Department of Rehabilitation Services, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁵ Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁶ Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁷ The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States

⁸ Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States

⁹ Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada

¹⁰ School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

¹¹ Department of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States

¹² Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

¹³ Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States

¹⁴ Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada