This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Perinatal Education for Parents (224) Pregnancy Information, Education and Lifestyle Interventions (304) Anxiety and Stress Disorders (1081) Pregnancy Information, Education and Lifestyle Interventions (304) Web-based and Mobile Health Interventions (3357) Anxiety and Stress Disorders (1081) Web-based and Mobile Health Interventions (3357)

Published on in Vol 6 (2023)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/46152, first published .
Demographic and Support Interest Differences Among Nonbirthing Parents Using a Digital Health Platform With Parenthood-Related Anxiety: Cross-Sectional Study

Demographic and Support Interest Differences Among Nonbirthing Parents Using a Digital Health Platform With Parenthood-Related Anxiety: Cross-Sectional Study

Demographic and Support Interest Differences Among Nonbirthing Parents Using a Digital Health Platform With Parenthood-Related Anxiety: Cross-Sectional Study

Authors of this article:

Adam K Lewkowitz1 Author Orcid Image ;   Lily Rubin-Miller2 Author Orcid Image ;   Hannah R Jahnke2 Author Orcid Image ;   Melissa A Clark1, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Caron Zlotnick1, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Emily S Miller1 Author Orcid Image ;   Natalie Henrich2 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by Tweetations (2) Metrics

    1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, , Providence, RI, , United States

    2Maven Clinic, , New York, NY, , United States

    3Department of Health Services, Policy, & Practice, Brown School of Public Health, , Providence, RI, , United States

    4Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, , Providence, RI, , United States

    Corresponding Author:

    Adam K Lewkowitz, MD, MPHS


    Background: The transition to parenthood is a period of major stressors and increased risk of anxiety for all parents. Though rates of perinatal anxiety are similar among women (4%-25%) and men (3%-25%), perinatal anxiety research on nonbirthing partners remains limited.

    Objective: We aimed to examine whether demographic characteristics or digital perinatal support preferences differed among nonbirthing partners with compared to without self-reported high parenthood-related anxiety.

    Methods: In this large cross-sectional study of nonbirthing partners using a digital perinatal health platform during their partner’s pregnancy, users reported their parenthood-related anxiety through a 5-item Likert scale in response to the prompt “On a scale of 1=None to 5=Extremely, how anxious are you feeling about parenthood?” High parenthood-related anxiety was defined as reporting being very or extremely anxious about parenthood. During the onboarding survey, in response to the question “Which areas are you most interested in receiving support in?” users selected as many support interests as they desired from a list of options. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare demographic characteristics and support interests of nonbirthing partners with low versus high parenthood anxiety. Logistic regression models estimated the odds ratios (ORs), with 95% CIs, of high parenthood-related anxiety with each user characteristic or digital support interest.

    Results: Among 2756 nonbirthing partners enrolled in the digital platform during their partner’s pregnancy, 2483 (90.1%) were men, 1668 (71.9%) were first-time parents, 1159 (42.1%) were non-Hispanic White, and 1652 (50.9%) endorsed an annual household income of >US $100,000. Overall, 2505 (91.9%) reported some amount of parenthood-related anxiety, and 437 (15.9%) had high parenthood-related anxiety. High parenthood-related anxiety was more common among non-White nonbirthing partners: compared to those who identified as non-Hispanic White, those who identified as Asian, Black, or Hispanic had 2.39 (95% CI 1.85-3.08), 2.01 (95% CI 1.20-3.23), and 1.68 (95% CI 1.15-2.41) times the odds of high parenthood-related anxiety, respectively. Lower household income was associated with increased odds of reporting high parenthood anxiety, with the greatest effect among those with annual incomes of <US $50,000 compared to >US $100,000 (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.32-3.34). In general, nonbirthing partners were interested in receiving digital support during their partner’s pregnancy, but those with high parenthood-related anxiety were more likely to desire digital support for all support interests compared to those without high parenthood anxiety. Those with high parenthood-related anxiety had more than 2 times higher odds of requesting digital education about their emotional health compared to those without high parenthood-related anxiety (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.67-2.55).

    Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the need for perinatal anxiety-related support for all nonbirthing partners and identify nonbirthing partners’ demographic characteristics that increase the odds of endorsing high parenthood-related anxiety. Additionally, these findings suggest that most nonbirthing partners using a digital health platform with high parenthood-related anxiety desire to receive perinatal mental health support.

    JMIR Pediatr Parent 2023;6:e46152

    doi:10.2196/46152

    Keywords

    nonbirthing parent; paternal mental health; perinatal anxiety; parenting anxiety; digital health; anxiety; perinatal; mental health support; digital platform; pregnancy; parents; spouse; partners; support; support groups; online support 


    The transition to parenthood is a period of major stressors and increased risk of mental health issues, regardless of whether or not the parent gives birth [1-4]. Indeed, when stratified by gender (which frequently corresponds to birthing and nonbirthing roles), rates of perinatal anxiety are similar among women (4%-25%) [1,2] and men (3%-25%) [3,4]. Despite the similar burden of perinatal anxiety between parents and the known interplay between maternal and paternal perinatal mood disorders [5-7], perinatal anxiety research on nonbirthing partners remains limited, and little is known about the desire of nonbirthing partners to receive mental health support during the perinatal period [8]. Thus, we aimed to examine whether demographic characteristics or desired mental health supports differed among nonbirthing partners with compared to without high parenthood-related anxiety.


    Eligibility Criteria/Recruitment

    This study examined a cohort of users enrolled in the partner pathway in Maven, a digital health platform for pregnant people and their partners, from March 16, 2021, through October 20, 2022. Access to Maven is a sponsored benefit through an employer or health plan of the user or their partner. Users consented to the use of their deidentified data for scientific research upon creating an account on the digital platform. As previously described [9], users self-reported demographic information, desired support interests, and parenthood-related anxiety on a health survey at onboarding. For race and ethnicity, users selected a single option from a list of choices. In response to the question “Which areas are you most interested in receiving support in?” users selected as many support interests as they desired from the following list: “choosing a healthcare provider/team,” “labor and delivery options,” “preparing to be a working parent,” “infant care,” “learning about childcare options,” “my own emotional health,” “understanding my partner’s physical experience during pregnancy,” and “understanding my partner’s emotional experience during pregnancy.” Users reported their parenthood-related anxiety on a 5-item Likert scale in response to the prompt “On a scale of 1=None to 5=Extremely, how anxious are you feeling about parenthood?” To be included, users had to be enrolled in Maven’s partner track and have completed the Maven Clinic’s onboarding survey while their partner was pregnant. Thus, data for these analyses included platform utilization and user-reported data from the onboarding questionnaire.

    Statistical Analysis

    Due to small sample sizes, participants who reported their race/ethnicity as American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, or multiple races were categorized in the “other” category. Income was assessed categorically. High parenthood-related anxiety was defined as responding to the question on parenthood-related anxiety with a 4 (“very”) or 5 (“extremely”). Some parenthood-related anxiety was defined as responding to the question on parenthood-related anxiety with any response other than a 1 (“none”) on the Likert scale. Descriptive analyses assessed user demographics and support interests stratified by presence of high parenthood-related anxiety. In bivariate analyses, the chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used to assess categorical variables. Logistic regression models estimated the odds ratio (ORs) and 95% CI of reporting high parenthood anxiety with each user characteristic or educational support preference. All analyses were conducted in R (version 3.6.3; R Foundation for Statistical Computing).

    Ethical Considerations

    The study was designated as exempt by the WCG Institutional Review Board, an independent ethical review board.


    Of the 4188 users enrolled in Maven’s partner pathway during the study period, 3705 (88.5%) completed the onboarding survey. Of these, 2756 (74.4%) completed their survey while their partner was pregnant and were included for analysis. Overall, most (n=2483, 90.1%) nonbirthing partners self-identified as male, 2034 (73.8%) identified as first-time parents, and 2505 (91.9%) nonbirthing partners endorsed feeling at least some parenthood-related anxiety.

    In this study population, 437 (15.9%) of nonbirthing partners were categorized as having high parenthood-related anxiety. Some demographic characteristics increased the odds of endorsing high parenthood-related anxiety (Table 1). Specifically, compared to non-Hispanic White nonbirthing partners, the odds of participants reporting high parenthood-related anxiety were more than 2-fold higher among Asian (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.85-3.08) or Black (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.20-3.23) nonbirthing partners and more than 60% higher among Hispanic nonbirthing partners (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.15-2.41). Similarly, compared to non–first-time parents, first-time nonbirthing partners had twice the odds of reporting high parenthood-related anxiety (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.55-2.65), and those with annual incomes of <US $50,000 or between US $50,000 and US $100,000 had more than 2-fold or 48% increased odds, respectively, of endorsing high parenthood-related anxiety compared to those with annual incomes of ≥US $100,000 (<US $50,000: OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.32-3.34; US $50,000-US $100,000: OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.07-2.01). The odds of endorsing high parenthood-related anxiety were similar between male and female nonbirthing parents (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.69-1.98).

    Table 1. Nonbirthing partner characteristics and support interests by parenthood-related anxiety level.
    Nonbirthing partner characteristicsOverall (n=2756), n (%)Low parenthood-related anxiety (n=2319, 84.1%), n (%)High parenthood-related anxiety (n=437, 15.9%), n (%)Odds ratio (95% CI)P value
    Race/ethnicity
    Non-Hispanic White1159 (42.1)1033 (44.5)126 (28.8)ReferenceN/Aa
    Asian714 (25.9)553 (23.8)161 (36.8)2.39 (1.85-3.08)<.001
    Hispanic265 (9.6)220 (9.5)45 (10.3)1.68 (1.15-2.41).006
    Black117 (4.2)94 (4.1)23 (5.3)2.01 (1.20-3.23).006
    Other501 (18.2)419 (18.1)82 (18.8)1.60 (1.19-2.16).002
    First child
    No722 (26.2)651 (28.1)71 (16.2)ReferenceN/A
    Yes2034 (73.8)1668 (71.9)366 (83.8)2.01 (1.55-2.65)<.001
    Biological sex.84
    Female98 (3.6)80 (3.4)18 (4.1)1.20 (0.69-1.98).50
    Male2483 (90.1)2091 (90.2)392 (89.7)ReferenceN/A
    Missing175 (6.3)148 (6.4)27 (6.2)N/AN/A
    Household income (US $).002
    Less than $50,000103 (3.7)76 (3.3)27 (6.2)2.13 (1.32-3.34).001
    $50,000-$100,000299 (10.8)240 (10.3)59 (13.5)1.48 (1.07-2.01).02
    More than $100,0001652 (59.9)1416 (61.1)236 (54)ReferenceN/A
    Did not disclose702 (25.5)587 (25.3)115 (26.3)N/AN/A
    Support interests
    Leaning about child care options1403 (50.9)1159 (50)244 (55.8)1.28 (1.04-1.59).02
    Choosing a health care provider/team789 (28.6)632 (27.3)157 (35.9)1.51 (1.21-1.88)<.001
    My own emotional health1032 (37.4)806 (34.8)226 (51.7)2.06 (1.67-2.55)<.001
    Infant care2016 (73.1)1674 (72.2)342 (78.3)1.47 (1.13-1.92).005
    Labor and delivery options1200 (43.5)969 (41.8)231 (52.9)1.60 (1.29-1.97)<.001
    Understanding my partner’s emotional experience during pregnancy1981 (71.9)1635 (70.5)346 (79.2)1.72 (1.32-2.26)<.001
    Understanding my partner’s physical experience during pregnancy1825 (66.2)1495 (64.5)330 (75.5)1.82 (1.42-2.34)<.001
    Preparing to be a working parent1779 (64.6)1469 (63.3)310 (70.9)1.47 (1.16-1.86).001

    aN/A: not applicable.

    In general, nonbirthing partners were interested in receiving digital support during their partner’s pregnancy: the most requested support interests overall were infant care and understanding their partner’s emotional experience during pregnancy (Table 1). However, those with high parenthood anxiety were more likely to desire digital support from all support interests compared to those without high parenthood anxiety. In particular, the odds of nonbirthing partners desiring to learn more about their own emotional health or their partner’s physical or emotional experience during pregnancy were markedly higher compared to those without high parenthood-related anxiety (own emotional health: OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.67-2.55; partner’s physical experience in pregnancy: OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.42-2.34; partner’s emotional experience in pregnancy: OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.32-2.26).


    Principal Results

    In this large sample, nearly all nonbirthing partners reported feeling at least some parenthood-related anxiety, and a substantial proportion of nonbirthing partners desired education about their own or their partner’s emotional health during the perinatal period. These findings demonstrate the need for perinatal mental health support for all parents, not just those who give birth, and suggest that digital health platforms may serve as logical entry points for nonbirthing partners to receive perinatal mental health support, as has been proposed [10]. Furthermore, demographic factors such as identifying as non-White or having an annual income of less than US $50,000 were associated with increased odds of high parenthood-related anxiety. This suggests that some nonbirthing partners may face a disproportionate burden of parenthood-related anxiety, and perinatal support interventions targeting these subpopulations may improve equity for nonbirthing partners.

    Comparisons With Prior Work

    The rate of high parenthood-related anxiety in our study is consistent with levels of paternal anxiety in the literature (3%-25%) [3,4]. Furthermore, the high prevalence of any self-reported anxiety in our study population supports prior findings suggesting that the most common mental health diagnosis for nonbirthing partners in the perinatal period is adjustment disorder with anxiety symptoms [11].

    Clinical and Research Implications

    In the United States, most current perinatal care delivery models do not provide much perinatal education and mental health support to nonbirthing partners [12]. Furthermore, nonbirthing partners are known to have lower rates of engagement with health care than birthing partners [12,13]. In this study, nonbirthing partners who were participating in a digital perinatal health platform not only actively selected the perinatal educational support topics about which they wanted to learn but voluntarily endorsed the presence and extent of their parenthood-related anxiety. These findings suggest that digitally screening nonbirthing partners during their partner’s pregnancy for their perinatal mental health and pregnancy-related health education needs could fill an important gap in nonbirthing partners’ perinatal experience. Mental health support and educational content could be delivered digitally or via in-person education provided from prenatal care providers when nonbirthing partners present to prenatal care visits, as has been proposed [10,14]. However, prior to widespread transformation of prenatal care delivery models, more research is needed to determine the optimal way to screen nonbirthing partners for mental health needs or perinatal educational preferences and to provide requested education and support based on the results of this screening.

    Limitations

    Despite the large study population, our study has limitations. Parenthood-related anxiety was self-reported, rather than identified via a validated anxiety measure. There is also a risk of selection bias since all participants in this study were already actively engaged in a digital health platform. Additionally, the cross-sectional design of this study limits causal interpretation of our results. Furthermore, because outcomes were not adjusted for confounders, some bias may remain in our unadjusted analyses. Lastly, though our study population was large, generalizability of our findings may be reduced as many participants reported annual incomes of >US $100,000 and people of some races/ethnicities were overly represented in the sample.

    Conclusions

    Among nonbirthing partners who used a digital health platform, most had some parenthood-related anxiety, and the odds of endorsing high parenthood-related anxiety were increased among non-White birthing partners, as well as those with annual incomes of less than US $100,000 and, in particular, less than US $50,000. Furthermore, though nonbirthing partners desired education on their own or their partner’s emotional health during the perinatal period, the odds of desiring perinatal mental health support were higher among nonbirthing partners who endorsed high parenthood-related anxiety. These findings demonstrate not only the need for perinatal anxiety-related support for all nonbirthing partners, but that most nonbirthing partners with high parenthood-related anxiety using a digital perinatal platform desire to receive digital perinatal mental health support.

    Acknowledgments

    AKL and ESM are supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD103961-01A1 and R01HD105499, respectively).

    Conflicts of Interest

    AKL is a paid member of medical advisory boards at Shield Therapeutics and Pharmacosmos Therapeutics. In addition, AKL has an ongoing research grant from Pharmacosmos Therapeutics that is paid directly to his institution to support an ongoing R-01 clinical trial funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. LR-M, HRJ, and NH are employed by Maven Clinic. NH and HRJ also own equity in Maven Clinic.

    1. Dennis CL, Falah-Hassani K, Shiri R. Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2017 May;210(5):315-323 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    2. Loughnan SA, Wallace M, Joubert AE, Haskelberg H, Andrews G, Newby JM. A systematic review of psychological treatments for clinical anxiety during the perinatal period. Arch Womens Ment Health 2018 Oct;21(5):481-490 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. Philpott LF, Savage E, FitzGerald S, Leahy-Warren P. Anxiety in fathers in the perinatal period: a systematic review. Midwifery 2019 Sep;76:54-101 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    4. Fisher ML, Sutcliffe P, Southern C, Grove AL, Tan BK. The effectiveness of interventions for the prevention or treatment of paternal perinatal anxiety: a systematic review. J Clin Med 2022 Nov 8;11(22):6617 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    5. Paulson JF, Bazemore SD. Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2010 May 19;303(19):1961-1969 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    6. Goodman JH. Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health. J Adv Nurs 2004 Jan;45(1):26-35 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    7. Luoma I, Puura K, Mäntymaa M, Latva R, Salmelin R, Tamminen T. Fathers’ postnatal depressive and anxiety symptoms: an exploration of links with paternal, maternal, infant and family factors. Nord J Psychiatry 2013 Dec;67(6):407-413 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    8. Fisher SD, Cobo J, Figueiredo B, et al. Expanding the international conversation with fathers’ mental health: toward an era of inclusion in perinatal research and practice. Arch Womens Ment Health 2021 Oct;24(5):841-848 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    9. Lewkowitz AK, Guille C, Rubin-Miller L, et al. Association between nonbirthing parent’s perinatal education and mental health support desires and perinatal anxiety among either parent. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2023 Oct 6;5(11):101177 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    10. Lewkowitz AK, Griffin LB, Miller ES, Howard ED. A missed opportunity? How prenatal care, birth hospitalization, and digital health could increase nonbirthing partners’ access to recommended medical and mental healthcare. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2022;36(4):330-334 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    11. Wynter K, Rowe H, Fisher J. Common mental disorders in women and men in the first six months after the birth of their first infant: a community study in Victoria, Australia. J Affect Disord 2013 Dec;151(3):980-985 [CrossRef] [Medline]
    12. Kilpatrick S, Papile LA, Macones GA, editors. Guidelines for Perinatal Care, 8th ed. American College of Obstetricans and Gynecologists & American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017. [CrossRef]
    13. Hing E, Albert M. State variation in preventive care visits, by patient characteristics, 2012. NCHS Data Brief 2016 Jan(234):1-8 [Medline]
    14. Peahl AF, Smith RD, Moniz MH. Prenatal care redesign: creating flexible maternity care models through virtual care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020 Sep;223(3):389 [CrossRef] [Medline]

    ‎
    OR: odds ratio

    Edited by Sherif Badawy; submitted 31.01.23; peer-reviewed by Ashish Premkumar, Josephus van den Heuvel, Rebecca McAdams; final revised version received 11.10.23; accepted 16.10.23; published 20.11.23

    Copyright

    © Adam K Lewkowitz, Lily Rubin-Miller, Hannah R Jahnke, Melissa A Clark, Caron Zlotnick, Emily S Miller, Natalie Henrich. Originally published in JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting (https://pediatrics.jmir.org), 20.11.2023.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://pediatrics.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.