This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Theme Issue: Digital Approaches for Pediatric Healthcare Delivery During the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic (33) JMIR Theme Issue: COVID-19 Special Issue (2452) Anxiety and Stress Disorders (1053) Outbreak and Pandemic Preparedness and Management (1727) Infectious Diseases (non-STD/STI) (1575) Pregnancy Information, Education and Lifestyle Interventions (300) JMH Theme Issue: COVID-19 and Mental Health: Impact and Interventions (383)

Published on in Vol 4, No 3 (2021): Jul-Sep

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/27733, first published .
Changes in Anxiety and Stress Among Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Content Analysis of a Japanese Social Question-and-Answer Website

Changes in Anxiety and Stress Among Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Content Analysis of a Japanese Social Question-and-Answer Website

Changes in Anxiety and Stress Among Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Content Analysis of a Japanese Social Question-and-Answer Website

Authors of this article:

Ritsuko Shirabe1 Author Orcid Image ;   Tsuyoshi Okuhara2 Author Orcid Image ;   Rie Yokota1 Author Orcid Image ;   Hiroko Okada2 Author Orcid Image ;   Eiko Goto2 Author Orcid Image ;   Takahiro Kiuchi2 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (1) Tweetations (5) Metrics

    Original Paper

    1Department of Health Communication, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    2Department of Health Communication, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Corresponding Author:

    Ritsuko Shirabe, MD, MPH

    Department of Health Communication

    Graduate School of Medicine

    The University of Tokyo

    7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku

    Tokyo, 113-8655

    Japan

    Phone: 81 3 5800 9754

    Fax:81 3 5689 0726

    Email: rshirabe-tky@umin.ac.jp


    Background: The changing pattern of anxiety and stress experienced by pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic is unknown.

    Objective: We aimed to examine the sources of anxiety and stress in pregnant women in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Methods: We performed content analysis of 1000 questions posted on the largest social website in Japan (Yahoo! Chiebukuro) from January 1 to May 25, 2020 (end date of the national state of emergency). The Gwet AC1 coefficient was used to verify interrater reliability.

    Results: A total 12 categories were identified. Throughout the study period, anxiety related to going outdoors appeared most frequent, followed by anxiety regarding employment and infection among family and friends. Following the declaration of the state of national emergency at the peak of the infection, infection-related anxiety decreased, whereas anxiety about social support and mood disorders increased. Stress regarding relationships appeared frequent throughout the pandemic.

    Conclusions: The sources of anxiety and stress in pregnant women in Japan changed during the pandemic. Our results suggest the need for rapid communications in the early phase of a pandemic as well as long-term psychosocial support to provide optimal support to pregnant women in Japan. Health care professionals should understand the changing pattern of requirements among pregnant women.

    JMIR Pediatr Parent 2021;4(3):e27733

    doi:10.2196/27733

    Keywords

    anxiety; content analysis; COVID-19; health communication; health information; mental health; pregnancy; social question-and-answer website; social support; stress 


    During a pandemic, public health professionals have to communicate health information to vulnerable people [1]. Pregnant women are considered vulnerable because of the unknown risks to their health and to the fetus, pregnancy-related treatment restrictions, and restrictions on the number of prenatal hospital visits. In addition to specific infection prevention measures, pregnant women also require psychological care during a pandemic as excessive anxiety and stress adversely affect both maternal and infant health [2]. Many previous studies have reported a higher incidence of anxiety among pregnant women during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, with a prevalence rate of 30% for severe depressive and anxiety symptoms [3,4].

    Effective risk communication campaigns require a “social constructionist approach,” which sees risk as being constructed through social and cultural processes [5-7]. In this concept, perceived risk may fluctuate through social processes and professionals have to understand what the stakeholders may ask and expect at each stage of a pandemic. Previous studies have reported that increased distress among pregnant women has been attributed to various factors, such as the risk of perinatal infection, unpreparedness for delivery, and altered support relationships [8,9]. However, little is known about changes in the sources of anxiety and stress over time.

    To cope with isolation associated with enforced lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, many individuals began to use the internet to search for information and connect with others [10]. There are many social question-and-answer (Q&A) websites, where individuals may freely post questions to be answered by other community members. In the past, content analysis of questions posted to Q&A websites provided valuable insights into negative feelings and anxiety [11]. Social Q&A sites can be similarly useful for rapid investigation of anxiety and stress in dynamic situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

    This study aimed to identify whether and how the sources of anxiety and stress in pregnant women in Japan changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, by carrying out content analysis of a social Q&A website, to inform preparations for timely essential support for this population in the ongoing and future pandemics.


    Material Collection

    The data were extracted from all questions posted in Japanese on Yahoo! Chiebukuro [12], the largest social Q&A website in Japan, from January 1 to May 25, 2020 (the end date of the national state of emergency). The questions were identified through a web-based search of the Japanese terms “corona AND ninnpu (pregnant woman),” “corona AND ninnshin (pregnancy),” “corona AND syussann (birth),” “corona AND bunnben (delivery),” and “corona AND osann (delivery).” We included only questions posted by pregnant women and excluded those posted by women with intrauterine fetal death, those unrelated to anxiety or stress about COVID-19, and duplicate questions. Because the data were publicly available, the requirement for informed consent was waived.

    Coding Procedure

    The unit of coding was each question. Author RS read the text of all questions and then inductively assigned codes and categories to the extracted descriptions of anxiety and stress. When a question expressed multiple sources of distress, we coded it into all applying categories or codes. We enumerated the questions in each category or code. RS also tabulated the posting dates to correlate changes with weekly events in Japan.

    Two independent coders (RS an RY) coded 20% of the questions, and interrater reliability was measured using the Gwet AC1 coefficient [13]. We used the coding carried out by RS for the analysis.

    Coding procedures were conducted using Excel (version 2011, Microsoft Inc). Statistical analyses were performed using R for Windows (version 4.0.2, R Foundation for Statistical Computing).


    Material and Coding

    A total of 4200 “hits” were obtained from the search terms, of which 2040 were questions posted by pregnant women. After excluding questions by women with intrauterine fetal death (n=5), unrelated questions (n=376), and duplicate questions (n=659), we retained 1000 questions for analysis (Figure 1). The questions had a median of 360 (IQR 228-546) Japanese characters and yielded 12 categories and 20 constituent codes (Table 1), which demonstrated strong interrater reliability (Gwet AC1=0.93, 95% CI 0.92-0.94). The total number of the codes was 1677 (median 1, IQR 1-2).

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    Figure 1. Flow chart for the selection of questions for analysis on Yahoo! Chiebukuro (the Japanese version of Yahoo! Answers), the largest social question-and-answer website in Japan.
    Table 1. Definitions of the assigned anxiety and stress categories and constituent codes.
    CodesContentExample termsa extracted from the questions
    Personal infection

    		Risk of maternal infectionAnxiety about personal infection as a pregnant womanInfection, coronavirus, maternal death, become severe, risk to pregnant women, immune weakness, and contraindications

    		Pre-existing conditions or contacts with infected personsAmong nonpregnant women; anxiety about personal infection related to current symptoms, chronic conditions, or contact with a suspected infectious personFever, sore throat, asthma, and diabetes mellitus

    		Infecting othersAnxiety about infecting others if asymptomatically infectedFamily, other pregnant women, and canceled consultation
    Fetal well-being

    		Adverse effects of infectionAnxiety about transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to the fetus or neonateBaby, fetus, newborn, protect, mother-to-child transmission, abortion, stillbirth, disability, and sequelae
    Adverse effects of stressAnxiety about adverse effects of maternal stressBaby, fetus, newborn, and stress
    Going outdoors

    		Daily life (eg, going to work)Anxiety or stress about going outdoors for each purposeShopping, supermarket, workplace, and government offices

    		Hospital visits (including prenatal check-ups)Anxiety or stress about going outdoors for each purposeHospital, prenatal check-up, parents’ or mother’s class, and dentist

    		Family eventsAnxiety or stress about going outdoors for each purposeWedding, graduation ceremony, and funeral

    		Social or leisure activitiesAnxiety or stress about going outdoors for each purposeParty, travel, beauty salon, and zoo
    Infection among family and friends

    		Daily life (eg, going to work or school)Anxiety or stress about contacts, including the behavior of those close to the person, such as partner, family members, and friends and workplace colleaguesWorkplace, business trip, school, kindergarten, hospital, and daily shopping

    		Family eventsAnxiety or stress about contacts, including the behavior of those close to the person, such as partner, family members, and friends and workplace colleaguesWedding, graduation ceremony, and funeral

    		Undesirable outings or behaviorsAnxiety or stress about contacts, including the behavior of those close to the person, such as partner, family members, and friends and workplace colleaguesDinner party, drinking party, travel, gambling, unwelcome visit, visit after delivery, not washing hands, and not wearing a mask
    Relationships

    		Discord from risk behaviorAnxiety or stress and deteriorating relationships over others’ risk behaviorsQuarrel, get angry or annoyed, dislike, untrustworthy, divorce, and yelling at child
    Discord from each other factors (eg, spending more time together, estrangement, and stress)Distress about relationships with partners, children, family, or friends, apart from risk behaviorQuarrel, get angry or annoyed, dislike, untrustworthy, divorce, and yelling at child
    Mood disordersExtreme feelings of sadness or depressionCry, depressed, anxiety, finding it hard to live, wanting to die, abuse, symptoms of stress (eg, arrhythmia, stomach ache), and postponed or canceled ceremony
    Employment

    		Financial insecurityAnxiety about moneySalary, unpaid, allowance, retirement, unemployment,

    		Treatment as pregnant woman at the workplaceAnxiety or stress about workplace practices or system, such as being forced to work or forced retirementForced to work, reduced working hours, maternity or child care leave, intends to leave, harassment, and revealing the pregnancy
    Self-isolationAnxiety or stress about self-isolation or staying at homeStay at home, all day long, meal, exercise, and neighborhood noise
    Daily necessities or hygiene productsAnxiety about daily necessities or hygieneLifeline, mask, thermometer, baby supplies, hoarding, and lack
    Delivery facilityAnxiety or stress about the delivery facility (excluding prenatal visits and delivering alone)Delivery facility, large hospital, returning to parental home around delivery (Satogaeri), transfer, waiting time, postponed check-ups, and cesarean section
    Society

    		PolicyAnxiety or stress about social policies or systemsGovernment, municipality, system, emergency economic measures, and cash payment

    		Actions or words of community membersAnxiety or stress about talk or actions of people in the communityHoarding, blame, and public
    Social support

    		Whether to accept supportStress about accepting supportSelf-restraint, parents, friends, homecoming, school, and kindergarten
    Lack of support or isolationAnxiety about lack of support or isolationAlone, no one to talk to, lonely, delivering alone, visit restrictions, father, refused consultation, and caring for a child alone

    aTerms have been translated from Japanese into English in this publication.

    Distribution of Categories and Codes

    Figure 2 shows the frequency distribution of the assigned categories and codes throughout the study period. The number for each category refers to the total number of applied questions and not the sum of the codes. Anxiety about going outdoors was most frequent, followed by anxiety related to work and anxiety related to infection among family and friends. Within the category “going outdoors,” anxiety or stress about infection in daily life (including going to work) was predominant, while in the category “infection in family and friends,” anxiety or stress related to undesirable activity was most frequent.

    ‎
    Figure 2. Frequency distribution of the anxiety and stress categories and codes described in the search questions. Some questions included multiple categories and codes.

    Changes in the Frequency Distribution of Categories

    Figure 3 shows the weekly changes in the frequency distribution of the anxiety categories and　the chronology of key events among pregnant women in Japan. There were 3 peaks in the number of questions: the first peak occurred in the week of February 24, 2020, which coincided with the first wave of infection spreading from China; the second peak occurred in the week of April 6, 2020, which coincided with the sharp increase in infection with the second wave spreading from Europe and the United States; and the third peak occurred in the week of May 4, which coincided with the extended state of emergency. Infection-related anxiety (maternal infection, going outdoors, and infection among family and friends), and contributed to the first and the second peaks but declined during the third peak, during which anxiety about social support and mood disorders increased. Questions related to relationship stress were frequent throughout the study period.

    ‎
    Figure 3. Weekly changes in the distribution of anxiety and stress categories and the chronology of key events among pregnant women in Japan. A: first COVID-19 case in Japan (January 16, 2020), B: report of a neonate infected with COVID-19 in China (February 5, 2020), C: first COVID-19 death in Japan (February 13, 2020), D: infection in a male physician; community infection suspected (February 13, 2020), E: official announcement of candidate drugs, including one contraindicated among pregnant women (February 22, 2020), F: nationwide school closures in Japan (February 27, 2020), G: report of a severe infection in a neonate in Japan (April 1, 2020), H: official request to economic and labor organizations for special considerations for pregnant workers (April 1, 2020), I: declaration of a state of emergency in 7 prefectures (April 7, 2020), J: declaration of a national state of emergency (April 16, 2020), K: reports of refusal among rural hospitals to accept transfers of pregnant women (April 23, 2020), L: extension of the national state of emergency (May 4, 2020), and M: amendment of labor guidelines that enable leave of absence from work among pregnant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic (May 7, 2020).

    Principal Findings

    During the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women in Japan expressed anxiety about infection and work as well as stress regarding relationships and social support. The sources of anxiety and stress changed over time; infection-related anxiety increased during the early phase of rapid pandemic growth, while anxiety about social support and mood disorders increased with the extending period of self-isolation.

    Anxiety and Stress in Pregnant Women

    According to previous studies, many pregnant women were anxious about using public transportation and about infection among family members during the COVID-19 pandemic [14,15]. Pregnant women and new mothers were also uniquely impacted by stress related to reduced social and emotional support or family conflicts during the pandemic [9]. The anxiety and stress identified in this study is consistent with those reported previously. During the outbreak, the prevalence of severe depressive or anxiety symptoms among pregnant women increased with an increase in the number of cases and deaths [4]. Further, up to 30% of pregnant women reported experiencing anxiety symptoms even during the remission phase [16]. Given these findings, our study suggests the need for different types of care for pregnant women during a pandemic; rapid intervention is warranted during early stages of infection spread, whereas long-term support is needed even as the infection begins to wane.

    At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, risk communication campaigns seemed to fail owing to their reliance on a realist approach [6,7]. In this study, pregnant women frequently posted questions regarding their anxiety and stress related to maternal infection during the early spread of the pandemic. It has been reported that among expectant mothers, anxiety was heightened upon learning about infected new mothers and the lack of information from their physicians [17]. Pregnant women may perceive risk uniquely because the risk of affecting offspring is likely to be deemed greater [18]. Health care providers should use a variety of communication channels and added information resources to distribute audience-specific health messages [1]. Our results further suggest the need for specific messages that target family and friends—undesirable behaviors in the people surrounding the pregnant woman account for most of the anxiety about infection in family and friends as well as for relationship stress. Through a constructionist approach, there may be a need for different types of messages for partners and family members.

    As the period of self-isolation became prolonged, pregnant women frequently posted about mood disorders and the lack of social support. A previous study reported that minimal contact with health care providers and the lack of routine nursing care during the outbreak contributes to social isolation [17]. Provision of perinatal care as part of infection prevention protocols requires ingenuity. Our results also suggest that health care providers should continue to evaluate psychological distress in pregnant women during this extended period.

    Implication in Practice and Future Studies

    During a crisis, professionals must attempt to identify the needs of people in a timely manner because their needs may change with time or through social processes. In the expanding phase of a pandemic, health care providers should provide information regarding infection to pregnant women and their support network. With prolonging self-isolation, pregnant women also require psychosocial support. Evaluation of interventions including virtual perinatal care [19] will be needed in future.

    Limitations

    This study has some limitations. Although our results do not differ from those of previous studies, the descriptions of anxiety and stress posted on the social Q&A site may have been biased. Although Yahoo! Chiebukuro is widely used (resolving approximately 75,000 questions per month), its use as the data source may have introduced a selection bias, given that the characteristics of the user population were unknown. The assigned codes may also have reflected an author bias. Despite these limitations, to our knowledge, this is the first study to show the changing pattern of anxiety and stress in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Conclusions

    Our findings show that pregnant women in Japan experienced anxiety and stress about infection in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic; however, over time, they increasingly experienced mood disorders and distress about the lack of social support. Professionals must understand these changing needs of vulnerable populations for effective communication during a crisis.

    Acknowledgments

    We thank Eleanor Scharf, MSc (A), of the Edanz Group for editing a draft of this manuscript. This study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

    Authors' Contributions

    RS, TO, and RY designed the study. RS collected the data. RS and RY analyzed the data. RS drafted the manuscript. TO critically revised the manuscript. HO, EG, and TK made substantial contributions to strengthening the interpretation. RS was responsible for the final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

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    Q&A: question-and-answer

    Edited by S Badawy, MD, MS; submitted 04.02.21; peer-reviewed by Y Tian, R Cochran; comments to author 14.04.21; revised version received 27.04.21; accepted 21.05.21; published 15.07.21.

    Copyright

    ©Ritsuko Shirabe, Tsuyoshi Okuhara, Rie Yokota, Hiroko Okada, Eiko Goto, Takahiro Kiuchi. Originally published in JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting (https://pediatrics.jmir.org), 15.07.2021.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://pediatrics.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.