A cost-minimization analysis was performed based on an observational study, including both direct and indirect costs. The analysis followed the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) [24,25]. The study spans from November 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020; it assesses the time horizon from admission to discharge, and it has been conducted under a hospital perspective. No discount rate was used. Unidentified clinical and sociodemographic data from the patients was extracted from the hospital administrative database, while the economic analysis relies on observational data (hospital’s accounting department) and was estimated retrospectively. The study was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration [26]. Data was analyzed using a Google Drive Spreadsheet.

The intervention and characteristics of the families who used the service has been documented in previous studies [20]. When the care team, whether from the hospitalization ward, outpatient department, or emergency department, detects a potential case of hospitalization at home, it contacts the referent of this program, which evaluates it according to the inclusion criteria (30 minutes of isochronous, clinical stability, voluntary consent, and adequate living conditions in the home). The family is then informed about the home care service, and if they agree to participate, they are asked to give informed consent. Finally, the nurse of the team trains the family to be able to carry out the necessary care and delivers a kit. The program is thought to have a maximum of 12 patients; therefore, 15 kits are available. This kit contains the four devices for remote telemonitoring (thermometer, pulse oximeter, blood pressure monitor, and scale) and a tablet that uses Bluetooth with specific software that records device information and allows video calls. The service includes two types of health care: face-to-face, with a daily visit from a pediatrician or nurse, and 24-hour continuous care with real-time telemonitoring by nurses (between 8 AM to 10 PM) and by the emergency department staff (between 10 PM to 8 AM).

From November 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020, a total of 357 patients received the pediatric tele–home care service. Among these episodes, only those who were first admitted to the hospital and subsequently were admitted to home hospitalization were selected. We detected three types of patients. First, some were admitted to the tele–home care program to end their treatment; these patients were fairly stable and had shorter stays. Second, some patients had pathologies that required a longer stay. Third, some patients had an underlying pathology. With the aim of having a more precise control group, we only included the first group of patients. The principal pathologies seen at home are acute respiratory diseases (bronchospasm, bronchiolitis, pneumonia), infections in need of intravenous treatment (eg, urinary infections, sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections, and otorrinolaringologic infections), nephrotic syndromes, and wounds in need of nurses’ healing. The main procedures done at home are oxygen therapy, nebulizations, and intravenous treatments (antibiotics and serum therapy). Although the main referral service is general pediatrics, other departments that also refer patients to the tele–home care program are surgery, nephrology, or oncology among others. The resulting study population included 181 patients.

A historical control group of patients with the same clinical casuistry and diagnostics to the children hospitalized at home were used for comparison. A review was made for diagnoses of comparable patients maintaining the same criteria of principal diagnostic, principal procedure, and service origin (pediatrics). All patients of the usual care that were used as a comparison group met all the inclusion criteria to be admitted to the program, except the 30 minutes of isochronous (children living further cannot be included in the treatment group for logistic reasons).

Although in the usual care model personnel expenses include wages of pediatricians, nurses, residents, and nursing assistants, the tele–home care program is operated only by pediatricians and nurses. With respect to operating expenses, pharmacy, fungibles, and various purchase costs are included. Expenses per patient consist of the costs of the medicines given to patients. Laboratory, anatomy, diagnostic imaging, and blood bank costs are covered in the intermediate care costs. Intermediate noncare costs include the costs of admissions, stretcher bearers, cleaning of the spaces and clothing, menus offered to the hospital’s patients, and other intermediate expenses. Of these, the only ones attributable to the tele–home care program are laboratory, admissions, and blood bank costs. Some expenses are specific to the tele–home care program, such as the cost of the transportation, the renting of the tablet, and other purchases. Lastly, there are some structural expenses, such as the costs of supplies, amortizations of the computer system, and other expenses. Only the last two are included as tele–home care costs. The quantification of costs is done by the hospital’s own accounting department using administrative data. All costs are with prices for the year 2020. The study does not take into account any other amortization costs, as they are considered nonsignificant.

This study is an economic analysis from a hospital’s perspective that compares the costs of two competing treatments. On the one hand, home hospitalization allows the release of hospital beds occupied by patients who, due to their clinical situation, can stay at home. This space is especially needed in the winter because there are peaks in demand motivated by the high incidence of respiratory viruses. Thus, this intervention represents a de facto expansion of the hospital bed capacity. On the other hand, at times, with few patients hospitalized at home, the flexibility in human resource management and the ability of professionals to carry out their work in other services or areas of the hospital would minimize their opportunity cost. With these conditions, home hospitalization would be an efficient option thanks to the abundance of variable costs associated with this model. This is consistent with a recent study centered in telemedicine in pediatrics that emphasizes that patients, health care professionals, and caregivers may benefit from using both telemedicine services and traditional, in-person health care services [27].

In terms of safety, some articles show that it appears that hospital at home is a safe and acceptable form of care [28]. Additionally, some studies demonstrate that clinical effectiveness of both services was not significantly different: children presenting common pathologies that require hospital treatment but not its infrastructure could be managed at home with similar outcome measures to traditional hospital care [11]. For example, a recent systematic review that focuses on malignant and nonmalignant hematology concluded telemedicine provides similar or improved health care compared to face-to-face encounters in both pediatric and adult populations [29]. The readmission rate for home care was not significantly higher than for hospital care [20]. Additionally, in terms of satisfaction, a British study shows that 90% of parents and 63% of children stated a clear preference for home hospitalization, citing less psychosocial disruption and a perception that children recover more quickly with comfortable surroundings [11].

The facilities offered by digital health tools, combined with a gradual decline in the cost of gadgets to comparatively insignificant levels, open the door to a set of possibilities for cost-effective interventions in the field of health. The result of this work fits in with other studies that point to the positive economic impacts of telemedicine [30,31]. In the context of COVID-19, these possibilities make even more sense insofar as they can reduce travel, social contact, and consequently intrahospital infections [32]. Recent studies claim that digital approaches have played and will play substantial roles as invaluable and reliable resources to overcome restrictions and challenges imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic and to increase access to effective, accessible, and consumer-friendly care to more pediatric patients and families [33]. For example, another recent paper states that despite its limitations, the expansion of digital health care due to the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have equitably increased access to health care for many families, especially those living rurally and with limited financial means. It is also likely to have reduced the anxiety experienced by some children in medical settings and allowed health professionals to gain a better understanding of their patients’ living circumstances [34].

This analysis has several limitations. First, this study spans from November 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020. This includes some important times for the Spanish health system due to COVID-19, and special measures had to be implemented: COVID-19 patients used the program, and although the hospital is pediatric, it accommodated adult patients. Hospital occupancy declined due to the low incident of COVID-19 and other pathologies on children in this period. Second, this analysis only includes one typology of patients: the ones who were admitted to the tele–home care program to end their treatment. It would be interesting to include the other patients in future studies. Third, provider’s perspective does not include aspects that go beyond their interests, such as the possible cost of caring for the child at home by families (loss of productivity, material costs). Further research should enlarge the focus of the study and include and broaden all the potential effects of in-home hospitalization.

Our analysis shows that pediatric tele–home care is 9% less expensive compared to regular hospital care while offering a quality service preferred for the children and their families, and that emptied beds for more complex cases. The use of telemedicine in the pediatric setting may serve for improving provider efficiency, lowering health system costs, and achieving greater patient satisfaction [18]. These results motivate the most widespread implementation of the pediatric tele–home care.